Plumbing in a new kitchen sink?

This is an easy one to answer but it would difficult to for me to reply in print.
The short answer is: Yes,,they do make pieces of pipe that you add on to make everything reach.
If you go to a Small hardware store (not a home depot or such) the people there will show you the parts you need and how they go together. Just explain to them what you want to do. The guys that run these little stores have done it all and are happy to pass the information along.

yes, if you are going from PVC to PVC just glue in your elbow and straight piece if needed, otherwise a rubber tube with steel clamps to go from metal to plastic or metal to metal will be fine. A book on basic plumbing from your library will help too.

For that small of a distance, you probably need a 45 degree ell. Not a problem to install this. You may need to disconnect the pipe that comes out of the wall and replace it with a shorter piece of pipe to get the angle you need. The trap is capable of swinging back and forth a bit so it doesn’t need to be perfect.

When you fit it to the sink, as you do up the nut point the outlet in the direction of the pipe, and use a short piece of pipe to make the connection.